November 8, 2004

More about Adam's Bridge

I have written about the Adam’s bridge pictures from NASA in a previous entry and posted images of the bridge here. I received by email recently a lot more information on the subject with plenty of research and references involved. It is really interesting especially if you have some knowledge of the Hindu mythology and the Puranas. It is a fairly long paper with a lot of footnotes and backup documentation so I have posted it in the extended entry section. Let me know if you want to contact the author and I will pass the information on to him - read on!

(Click for larger image)

Correlations between Hindu Cosmology, Sea Level Curves and African -Asian Hominid Dating
By Malcolm P.R. Light

A sea level variation curve from about 8 million years ago to the present day (Late Miocene to Recent - Eberli, 2000) is compared in Figure 1 to the time of construction of Adam’s Bridge between southern India and Sri Lanka, Hindu cosmological dates and African Asian chronological data. There are a number of clear correlations between the Hindu cosmology, the sea level curve and the geochronological data.

  • Each of the Yuga cycles (Das 2004) appears to correspond to a major cycle in sea level change. The Satya/Kriti Yuga is preceded by a long period of rising sea level in the Late Miocene but sea level began to fall sharply during this Yuga reaching a minimum of -80 metres below mean sea level around 2.7 million years ago (Figure 1 Eberli, 2000). During the Late Miocene, early arboreal apemen, Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Toumai), Orrorin tugenesis and Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba lived in the extensive thick forests in Africa (Brunet et al. 2002; Wood, 2002; Pickford 2001; Aiello and Collard, 2001; Haile Selassie 2001; Senut et al 2001; White et al. 1994; Wood; 1994). The following Treta Yuga represents a period of rising sea levels during which Hindu cosmology said there was increased rainfall and the formation of new rivers (Das 2004). The Dvapura Yuga is a period of falling sea level, followed by a rise at the beginning of the Kali Yuga (Das 2004, Eberli 2000).

  • At the start of the Satya/Kriti Yuga, 4.3 million years ago (Das 2004) there was a general period of falling sea level (Eberli 2000) and major climate change in Africa during which the vegetation began to alter from thick forest inhabited by 4.4 million year old arboreal Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus to dry woodland and gallery forest inhabited by the 4.2 million year old Austrolopithecus anamensis (Leakey et al. 1995; White et al, 1994). By the end of the Satya/Kriti Yuga some 2.7 million years ago (Das 2004), sea level had reached its lowest level some 80 metres below the present sea level and the woodlands were still in habited by Austrolpithecines (Figure 1 Eberli 2000; Leakey and Lewin 1979; Gowlett 1984).

  • The start of the Treta Yuga (2.6 million years ago) when man began to pursue knowledge (Das 2004) corresponds exactly with the time the first tools appeared in Africa. These tools were made by the newly evolved upright hominids, Homo habilis and later Homo erectus (Foley 2003; Leakey and Lewin, 1979) who now inhabited the harsher savanna consistent with the description of the conditions in the Treta Yuga (Das 2004). Homo erectus began to migrate out of Africa because of increasing aridity in the rift savanna between 2 and 1.8 million years ago into Asia (Leakey, 1994; Leakey and Lewin 1979; Templeton, 2002) and India (Joseph 2004).

  • Hanuman, the monkey God in the Ramanyana (Joseph 2004), must have been Homo erectus and this hominid species would certainly have seemed ape-like to modern day man. They were the ancestors of Pekin man in China (Wolpoff and Caspari 1977), the 1.6 million year old Homo erectus in Java and probably the 18 thousand year old hobbits recently found on Flores island (Stringer, 2004; Dalton, 2004). Adam’s bridge appears to have been constructed between southern India and Sri Lanka 1.8 and 1.6 million years ago in the Treta Yuga during a period of sharp sea level fall to some 60 metres below the present sea level (Figure 2; Eberli 2000).

  • A strip of land must have been exposed between India and Sri Lanka as the sea level approached its lowest level, between 1.8 and 1.6 million years ago. Because Homo erectus had already reached southern India before that time he must have tried to get across to Sri Lanka when the land began to be exposed at low tide during this period of sea level fall, around 1.75 million years ago (Joseph 2004). The driving force for his migration was probably population pressure within the southern Indian forest which caused food shortage. The exposed region between southern India and Sri Lanka must have been a treacherous path with many quicksands and shallow lakes. It seems logical that after several of his company were lost during periods of rising tide, Homo erectus could have started to construct a causeway by throwing trees and other vegetation onto the loose sand and and covering them with rocks. Homo erectus must have built the floating bridge on the quicksands that is so elegantly described in Sage Valkimi’s account of the “Ramanyana “(Joseph 2004). Nala son of Vishvakarma (architect of the demigods) constructed a causeway - magnificent with its wonderful paved floor - like unto a line traced on the waves”(Joseph 2004).

  • The Adam’s Bridge causeway must have been a major engineering feat for its thin trace is still so clearly visible on the present day satellite images (Joseph 2004). It has resisted the relentless erosion of the sea for almost 2 million years and it attests to the great engineering skills of the ancient Indian people. It is the earliest and largest carbon-fibre reinforced civil engineering structure known to man and should be protected as a world heritage site. A shallow seismic survey could be used to detect the strong reflection acoustic signal of lignite formed from decayed wood in the framework of the causeway and this will guide later drilling programs where the actual structure of the causeway could be investigated.

  • In addition to the above correlations, one Brahma day (4.32 billion years)(Das 2004) is close to the value for the age of the Earth (4.6 billion years)(Lide 1994). One cycle of our Universe from Big Bang to Big Crunch assuming a Universe age around 15 billion years is 30 billion years almost identical to 1/100 of a Brahma year (31.1 billion years)(Das 2004). One Brahma year is 3.11 trillion years (Das 2004). Note the length of a Yuga cycle (and the start of the Satya/Kriti Yuga) at 4.3 million years is 1/1000 of a Brahma day (Das 2004).

    References
    Aiello L., and Collard M. 2001. Our newest oldest ancestor? Nature, 410: 526-7

    Brunet M., Guy F., Pilbeam D., Mackay H.T., Likius A., Djimboumalbaye A. 2002. A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa. Nature, 418; 145-51.

    Dalton R. 2004. A little lady of Flores forces rethink of human evolution. News@nature.com

    Das. S. 2004. The cycle of the ages - The cyclic time concept of the Vedas by Raja Vidya das. 3pp.
    http://www.salagram.net/cyclesOages.html

    Eberli G. 2000. The record of Neogene sea-level changes in prograding carbonates along the Bahamas Transect-Leg 166 Synthesis. In Swart P.K., Eberli G.P., Malone M.J. and Sarg J. F. (Eds). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results, Vol. 166, Chapter 16, 167-177

    Foley J. 2003. Hominid species
    http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html
    Prominent Hominid Fossils
    http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/specimen.html

    Gowlett J.A.J. 1984. Ascent to civilisation. The archaeology of early man. Knopf. New York. 208pp.

    Haile-Selassie Y. 2001, Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, 412, 178-81

    Joseph H., 2004. Nasa images find 1,750,000 year old man - made bridge between India and Sri-Lanka. 4pp. http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/ancient/nasa.htm

    Lide D. R., 1994. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 75th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, 1-1 - I-33.

    Leakey M.G., Feibel C.S., McDougall I. and Walker A.C., 1995. New four-million year old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia bay, Kenya, Nature, 376:565-571.
    Leakey R. E., and Lewin R. 1979. Origins. E.P. Dutton, New York, 264 pp.

    Leakey R., 1994. The origin of Humankind. Science Masters, Basic Books. Harper Collins, New York, 171 pp.

    Pickford M. 2001.
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/low/english/sci/Tech/newsid_1055000/1055105.stm

    Senut B., Pickford M., Gommery D., Mein P., Cheboi C., and Coppens Y. 2001. First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences, 332. 137-144.

    Stringer C. 2004. A stranger from Flores. News@nature.com

    Templeton, A.R. 2002. Out of Africa again and again. Nature, 416, 45-51.

    White T.D., Suwa G., and Asfaw B. 1994. Austalopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature, 371: 306-312.

    Wolpoff M. and Caspari R. 1977. Race and Human Evolution. Simon and Schuster, New York, 462 pp.

    Wood B. 2002. Hominid revelations from Chad, Nature, 418, 133-135.

    Wood B.A. 1994. The oldest hominid yet. Nature, 371, 280-281.

    Posted by shanti at November 8, 2004 8:24 AM

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  • Comments

    Have you read my article on making fried rice? (see hyperlink)

    Posted by: MadMan at November 8, 2004 9:26 AM




    I did - awesome :)

    Posted by: Shanti at November 8, 2004 1:27 PM




    1.8 million years back there was a population pressure in South India ? Very unbelievable statement.

    Posted by: JK Author Profile Page at November 8, 2004 10:09 PM




    Cool…But a few things :I had read earlier that Adam’s bridge was a natural formation and not a human one. am not sure which version is more correct.
    second, if Rama and Hanuman met, Rama must have existed 1.6-1.8 million years ago. that is slightly difficult to believe.

    but on the whole, quite interesting, especially the Hindu Yugas and sea level comparison.

    Posted by: Nandan at November 9, 2004 4:11 AM




    JK, here is the author’s response to your question -

    “Homo erectus was probably a hunter-gatherer and very territorial like modern man. Consequently families or hunting groups required a much larger area for survival than do modern people. The typical population density for subsistence farmers may be in hundreds per square kilometre while it can reach over 6000 per square kilometre in cities. The population density for hunter gatherers it is about 1 per square kilometre (Gowlet, 1984). Normal reproduction could have caused the hunter-gatherer population to exceed the food supply, especially during lean periods and parts of the population may have begun to search for other regions to settle in such as Sri Lanka.

    Gowlett J.A.J 1984. Ascent to Civilization. The Archaeology of Early Man.
    Alfred A. Knopf
    New York, 208 pp.

    Best wishes,

    Malcolm”

    Posted by: Shanti at November 10, 2004 12:28 PM




    Thanks for the info. I can’t trace it by Google. Could you please point me to the link or email of the author? Where was it published?

    Posted by: P@L at November 12, 2004 4:51 AM




    P@L, I am not sure if this information has been published yet. Malcolm (the author) contacted me by email after seeing my posts on the topic. I asked his permission to post this and he let me. I can find out from him if it was published somewhere. I will also ask him if it is OK for me to list his contact info here.

    Posted by: Shanti at November 12, 2004 10:35 AM




    There is an appreciable effort by the author in writing this article. However, the article appears to have strong “bias”. There are many many strong points objectionable to the modern understanding of human evolution in this article. As it is very difficult to discuss about all of them which I may have to write a book instead, I would like to present few of them here:
    1) How could “Hanuman with a well described tail” be a Homo erectus who never had a tail :- During the entire course of documented human evolution starting from 5 million years ago the palaentologists start with an ape in whom there is no tail similar to the present day Gorilla and Chimpanzee.
    2) There are no fossil records of a hominid or even an ape, with a tail any where in the world. If the author wants to describe a monkey but not an ape, then it is acceptable, but then the dates mentioned in the article and the level of intelligence in such a monkey could never equal to the level of building such a massive “man made bridge” do not match.
    3) Anthropologists can never agree that 1.7 million years ago which is the projected age of the Adam’s bridge, Homo sapiens made villages- towns and kingdoms are far away issuues- In that case the existence of Ram, a homo sapiens, as a prince during that time does not arise, but could only be described as a caveman. This is a serious objection.

    If one argues that the “Brhmastra” of Ram was a nuclear device, it is not possible to counter argue with such a person as it clearly indicates the ignorance of acceptable facts.

    LK Yerneni

    Posted by: Dr.L.K.Yerneni at April 15, 2005 4:18 AM




    There is an appreciable effort by the author in writing this article. However, the article appears to have strong “bias”. There are many many strong points objectionable to the modern understanding of human evolution in this article. As it is very difficult to discuss about all of them which I may have to write a book instead, I would like to present few of them here:
    1) How could “Hanuman with a well described tail” be a Homo erectus who never had a tail :- During the entire course of documented human evolution starting from 5 million years ago the palaentologists start with an ape in whom there is no tail similar to the present day Gorilla and Chimpanzee.
    2) There are no fossil records of a hominid or even an ape, with a tail any where in the world. If the author wants to describe a monkey but not an ape, then it is acceptable, but then the dates mentioned in the article and the level of intelligence in such a monkey could never equal to the level of building such a massive “man made bridge” do not match.
    3) Anthropologists can never agree that 1.7 million years ago which is the projected age of the Adam’s bridge, Homo sapiens made villages- towns and kingdoms are far away issuues- In that case the existence of Ram, a homo sapiens, as a prince during that time does not arise, but could only be described as a caveman. This is a serious objection.

    If one argues that the “Brhmastra” of Ram was a nuclear device, it is not possible to counter argue with such a person as it clearly indicates the ignorance of acceptable facts.

    LK Yerneni

    Posted by: lkyerneni at April 15, 2005 4:20 AM




    Thanks for the comments - it is very interesting to see both the sides of the issue.

    Posted by: Shanti at April 15, 2005 7:33 AM




    It is a great effort of the auther to put the Hindu mythology scientificly. People before Wright Brothers had doubt that how could a person like Ravana use a vehical to fly across the sky. But invention of aeroplane showed that udankhatola was not a lie but at that time too it was possible to fly in the sky. Discovery of Adam’s bridge is also a proof that Hindu mythology is a truth which the world will realise in future. More discoveries and inventions will force the world to recognise Hindu mythology.

    Posted by: Sanjay Mehta at May 18, 2005 6:31 AM




    :shocked: HI this universe of earth

    Posted by: Pradeep at June 4, 2005 5:44 AM




    VERY INTERESTING….

    Posted by: Navin at January 18, 2006 11:02 PM




    much before the discovery of adam’s bridge the story of ramayana is being passed from generation to generations… than how could be the adams bridge be not be considered a “bridge constructed by Rama and his vanara Sena”

    Posted by: tarun at April 4, 2006 2:02 PM




    Hi all,
    india has been saying about the Rama’s Bridge from ages.There are clear remains of the Rama’s bridge at Rameswaram-India,which is a devotional spot.Only now NASA has identified it.
    1-Now regarding the age of the bridge.It is really difficult to assess the date of the construction.What ever the age of the bridge may be,it is almost certain that Rama and his kins had constructed the bridge,as the Ramayana is the only authenticate source which says about the construction of this bridge and no where else is there any mention of such a bridge.No construction is made without any cause and certainly,Rama must have mooted it in order to save his wife Sita from the hands of Ravana.
    2-Construction of asuch a long bridge is a marvel in itself.Even the longest bridges of today,dwarf against the Rama’s bridge which is 30Kms.It should be regarded as an eigth wonder, much significant than the Pyramids and all others,due to the bridge’s age as well as it’s longetivity which stays to this day.
    3-About Hanumaan who is refferred as a monkey God in Ramayana.He is said to be very intelligent,cunning and powerful.He may be a Hominid or some othere species of ancsestral human.The tail does not matters much.Even some humans today are born with a tail like projection,which is an abnormality and is very rare and is mentioned in Sceince textbooks at school.It may be even be possible that the species survive to this day as Yeti in the Himalays and Bigfoot in American continent,who are reported to be illusive,powerful and cunning by the sighters.It wasLord Rama who had urged to the Vanar sena(Army of monkeys) after the war,to stay away from human civillization due to possible confrontation with them and to preach and save humanity.
    4-Ravana is said to be a demon.But he is said to be a Pandit (Master) of all the Vedas and was even invited by Lord Rama to innagurate the Rama setu,as Ravana was a Brahmin(holiest class in Hindu religion) and was the most knowledged one.Ravana might just be a great conquerer and a ruthless barabaric ruler.It will not be strange if Hitler is stated as a demon after a thousands of years.Ravana’s kins(rakshas-Demons) can be thought of a very barbaric civillization which might have been practising canibalism.
    5-About the Brahmastra(Nuclear bomb) of Ram.It is repeatedly stated in the Ramayana as well as in Mahabharata,as to forbid the use of this weapon against Mankind and that it should be used for the welfare of humanity. It is inscribed in the epics that the weapon had the energy of the universe.It might be an Antimatter bomb as universe is made up of matter.The weapon might be a storage of antiproton particles in an arrow,which are released when the arrow is fired.well’it will be compact then only and nuclear bomb cannot be made as compact as an antimatter bomb.
    6-About the vimana(ancient aircraft.)It is stated in the epics that the vimanas were propelled by some sort of mercury engine.It is stated that the iron box(engine ) had mercury in it and was so hot that anybody opening it will die eventually.A highly radioactive element put within the iron box dipped in mercury will heat the mercury as the mercury absorbs the energetic particles.Eventually the mercury will vapourize and can be channelled to the back of the aircraft where it provides the jet power.Such a system would have been very expensive and with the rarity of mercury would have been very rare itself.But the thing is,if they could create aircrafts then why not vehicles.The answer lies in the mentality.One will not think of designing vehicles while the extent of the civillization is very small and you have innumerable quantities of horses and elephants at your disposal.It is similar as NASA spending millions of dollars to create a Pen which could write in space but not using a pencil instead, as done by the Russians. Flying is a fantasy but designing a vehicle for a very small area would have been thought worthless.And moreover such a flying technology would have been protected so as to have an edge on the enemies.So all the technical details might have been destroyed.
    So Indians repect your country and pray your ancestors…..
    Atul

    Posted by: Atul Mishra at April 22, 2006 5:25 PM




    We have to agree the fact that if I say a man looks like monkey immediately his picture goes with a tail. So the same thing would have happened with Hanuman too.

    Posted by: Dathatherya at April 27, 2006 4:01 AM




    First we should try to get the exact date of the Adam’s Bridge (“bridge constructed by Rama and his vanara Sena”) through carbon dating, then only any analysis should made. Unfortunately we do not have any concrete evidence to support.

    Regarding Brahmastra I do not think it is impossible, we are still at the beginning stage of human development just making super computer does not mean that we have reached the zenith of human civilization and today’s super computer will be a very raw after 10 years as the power of main frame of late 80’s are packed in today’s laptop, we still are very agrarian very primitive if we see the universe as a whole,

    Right now we are not in a position to decipher the human brain which is quite a big mystery, forget about analyzing the past which happened quite a long time back and when we do not know about the thing we should not criticize it.

    Someone should have witnessed all these which are mentioned in the great Indian epics that is how we come to know and what ever we know viz. flying machine, Ram setu or so called Adam’s Bridge two three century back used to be quite impossible now we have aero plane and we can imagine that this is possible to have a flying machine and with little progress in construction we know that bridges can be made in this world.

    But honestly we know about Adams Bridge much before NASA re discover it.
    So things are there in the history and will be unfolded and will become clear to us only when the technology make it possible for us to understand.So till the technology make it possible best to be patient.

    We Indians do have a great historical background lets respect it like the people of other nations and if you can not respect it at least do not make fun of it.

    Posted by: Manoj Joshi at March 22, 2007 3:17 PM




    I absolutely agree with the fact that, we have a rich history and culture. We should respect them, and let the experts compile the facts either agreeing or disagreeing, and we should not make fun of it.

    I remember, just in my 40 years of life, how certain things that are done on a daily basis, has so much of meaning and purpose behind each action, and still many people make fun of it. Definitely we have grown organically as a species, and certain things may not make sense, but that does not mean, what was done with a clear meaning at one time, can be made fun of.

    I respect every scientific argument, and I enjoy reading them. And respect the culture.

    thank you.

    Posted by: Gopinath at April 9, 2007 3:38 PM




    First of all Govt. of India, should create a department which uncovers hidden secret of Indian History. Even after sciencetific advancement, we are still lagging behind in discovery of History.

    But i am sure in one point, that Ram Sethu’s should be preserved at any cost, if it is not mad made.

    Posted by: shiva at May 16, 2007 2:15 AM




    Why it should be called as ADAM’S BRIDGE when it is called as RAMA SETHU for these much days. Why NASA who took the snap and rediscovered and delivered the photos can’t adapt the existing name? It is similar to that of naming our country which was previously called BHARATH as INDIA as they found it. WHO are they to name us when we have name and history for us? Was BHARATH (INDIA) not existing before vascodagama’s age and why you publish as he found it .. shame on us we also agree and put it in our schools as syllabus and ask our kids to learn it.
    It has become our tradition to accept foreigners and to forget our own things. If someone name london bridge as Laman joola will that be agreed?

    Hey my Fellow Indians, please have self-respect first !!
    Don’t see in the angle “it would have not happened”
    Have an angle”Why not it would have happened?”

    Posted by: Rajaraman at July 17, 2007 11:34 PM




    This is really very interesting and very encouraging too. It lets one feel that one still have a connect and one is not alone in search of Truth . One would rather be in wait than in haste. It really pays. Thanks very much for this work.

    Posted by: Kuldeep Dogra at September 16, 2007 7:34 AM




    no cave man can build a bridge that is 30 km long. it must be a natural formation. mythology is a word derived from the word MYTH. so don’t believe all these things guys. it is just a natural formation.

    Posted by: GS at September 23, 2007 8:37 AM




    Raja raman, i agree with you. why shouldn’t our country be called “bharath” at the least by our own countrymen?( leave alone others calling it “India”)
    Do people of our country feel inferior to others? If they are they are ignorant about their luck to be born in such a great Land.
    I believe that the whole of human history is centered around Bharat. Our country is the Land of God or something but whatever happens it first happens in our country and i used to wonder, why?

    Posted by: Dharma at November 10, 2007 11:11 AM




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